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This paper analyzes the geography of super-gentrification in US cities, the further intensification of class upgrading after a neighborhood has already been gentrified. Building a national longitudinal tract database of gentrification intensity indicators, we analyze where this process has occurred across the 45 most populous metropolitan regions. We develop a method for quantifying metro-specific gentrification indices, then compare the class and racial demographics of super-gentrified tracts against other kinds of affluent places. We also interpret these national patterns with a case study of gentrification’s broader geographies in the New York City metropolitan region. While super-gentrification is most commonly researched in global mega-cities, we found a wider geography, including substantial suburban and smaller city patterns. We also found that supergentrified neighborhoods are less racially diverse than other gentrified neighborhoods, and are more demographically similar to historically affluent (but not recently gentrified) neighborhoods. The study contributes to a national comparative analysis of gentrification intensity patterns, and a longitudinal analysis of what happens after a neighborhood has already been gentrified. 

Orbital current has attracted significant attention in recent years due to its potential for energy-efficient magnetization control without the need for materials with strong spin–orbit coupling. However, the fundamental mechanisms governing orbital transport remain elusive. In this study, we systematically explore orbital transport in Ti/Ni bilayers through orbital pumping, drawing an analogy to spin pumping. The orbital current is generated and injected into the Ti layer via the microwave-driven orbital dynamics in Ni, facilitated by its strong spin–orbit correlation. We employed thickness-dependent ferromagnetic resonance measurements and angular-dependent inverse orbital Hall effect (IOHE) detection to probe orbital transport in Ti based on the conventional spin-pumping methodology. The observed enhancement in the damping factor indicates an orbital-diffusion length of ∼5.3 ± 3.7 nm, while IOHE-based estimation suggests a value of around 4.0 ± 1.2 nm, which confirms its short orbital-diffusion length. Furthermore, oblique Hanle measurements in the longitudinal configuration reveal an orbital relaxation time of approximately 16 ps. Our results establish that orbital pumping, analogous to the conventional spin-pumping framework, can serve as a robust technique for elucidating orbital transport mechanisms, paving the way for the design of efficient spin-orbitronic devices. 

Effective processing, interpretation, and management of sensor data have emerged as a critical component of cyber-physical systems. Traditionally, processing sensor data requires profound theoretical knowledge and proficiency in signal-processing tools. However, recent works show that Large Language Models (LLMs) have promising capabilities in processing sensory data, suggesting their potential as copilots for developing sensing systems. To explore this potential, we construct a comprehensive benchmark, SensorBench, to establish a quantifiable objective. The benchmark incorporates diverse real-world sensor datasets for various tasks. The results show that while LLMs exhibit considerable proficiency in simpler tasks, they face inherent challenges in processing compositional tasks with parameter selections compared to engineering experts. Additionally, we investigate four prompting strategies for sensor processing and show that self-verification can outperform all other baselines in 48% of tasks. Our study provides a comprehensive benchmark and prompting analysis for future developments, paving the way toward an LLM-based sensor processing copilot. 

This paper analyzes the geography of super-gentrification in US cities, the further intensification of class upgrading after a neighborhood has already gentrified. Building a national longitudinal tract database of gentrification intensity indicators, we analyze where this process has occurred across the 45 most populous metropolitan regions. We develop a method for quantifying metro-specific gentrification indices, then compare the class and racial demographics of super-gentrified tracts against other kinds of affluent places. We also interpret these national patterns with a case study of gentrification’s broader geographies in greater New York City. While super-gentrification is most commonly researched in global mega-cities, we found a wider geography including substantial suburban and smaller city patterns. We also found that super-gentrified neighborhoods are less racially diverse than other gentrified neighborhoods, and are more demographically similar to historically affluent (but not recently gentrified) neighborhoods. The study contributes a national comparative analysis of gentrification intensity patterns, and a longitudinal analysis of what happens after a neighborhood has already gentrified.